论文题目：二十世纪古文献新证研究
作者简介：冯胜君，男,1970年08月出生，1998年09月师从于吉林大学吴振武教授，于2002年06月获博士学位。
摘
要
本文是對二十世紀古文獻新證所作的回顧和總結。所謂古文獻新證，就是在整理和研究先秦、兩漢古文獻時，採取傳世文獻與出土材料相互印證的研究方法。本文所說的出土材料不僅包括出土文獻，而且也包括不帶字的一般考古材料。古文獻新證是對傳統古文獻學研究的繼承和發展。
本文共分八個部分。
第一部分爲緒論。在緒論中我們對與古文獻新證有關的幾個概念包括新證、古史新證、名物新證、新證派等做了梳理和界定，指出“新證派”這一概念指稱含混，以後應慎用。我們還討論了古文獻新證研究的意義，具體包括三個方面：1、爲古籍的校讀開闢了新的途徑。2、使我們對古書體例的認識更加客觀、科學。3、爲一些長期以來被視爲僞書的典籍恢復了名譽。最後，我們簡單回顧了古文獻新證研究的歷史，並對二十世紀上半期古文獻新證所取得的成就和存在的不足進行了探討，並提出了自己的一些看法。
在第一章中我們討論了二十世紀古文獻新證研究的相關學術背景。通過回顧中國傳統學術在近代的走向和嬗變過程，如經學研究的衰落和史學研究由邊緣走向中心、宋學的興起和傳統金石學研究的復興、甲骨文等古文字材料的大量出土以及學界對此所持的不同態度、今文經學乃至後來疑古思潮的驟興等，並由此探尋和疏理古文獻新證研究產生的内在理路。
第二章我們以學術界對“三句兵”真偽的爭論為例，探討了不同知識背景的學者在看待和利用地下出土材料時的態度和研究取向，以及由此導致的研究思路和結論的差異。這一章的討論是通過對個案的分析，總結古文獻新證的方法論問題，用以統攝以下各章節的具體討論。
利用古文字材料校讀古書中的字，是古文獻新證研究中的一個重要方面，我們在第三章對此做了總結。其中又包括利用古文字字形校讀典籍和利用古文字材料中所體現出來的用字習慣校讀典籍兩個部分。在第一部分中，我們按甲骨文、金文、戰國秦漢文字的不同分別進行了討論，指出了這一研究方法容易出現的問題，並特別介紹了“以今律古”法在古文獻新證具體研究中的應用。在第二部分中則主要總結了利用古文字通假規律校讀古書和利用古文字用字習慣理解古書文義。
第四章我們主要討論了古文獻新證研究中利用古文字材料校讀古書中的詞語這一研究方法。我們爲了討論的方便，把古書中的詞語分爲普通類詞語、專名（包括人名、地名）、器物名以及制度類詞語，並分別總結了過去利用古文字材料對這些詞語的校讀工作。最後，我們又集中討論了在利用出土古文字材料校讀典籍中的詞語時應注意的幾個問題，具體來説就是對比研究的雙方要有確定性、古文字材料與古書中的詞語有時貌同實異、古文字材料中的一個詞與古書中多個詞具有對應的可能性三個方面。
第五章我們總結了過去在出土典籍與傳世典籍對讀方面所取得的成績和不足。首先我們談了利用出土典籍訂正古書譌誤方面的内容，其中包括訂正典籍中的譌文、脫文、衍文、倒文、誤讀通假、斷句錯誤等。另外，還考察了典籍中存在的整齊化現象，指出古書不僅在文句之間存在整齊划傾向，而且在文句内部也有整齊划的趨勢。其次我們主要以《老子》為例，討論出土典籍與傳世典籍在篇章結構方面的差異。再次，我們討論了出土典籍與傳世典籍所體現出來的思想上的差異。最後，我們批評了出土典籍與傳世典籍對讀過程中存在的趨同和立異兩種不良傾向。
第六章我們主要討論了利用古文字材料總結古書體例。這一章，我們分了三節。第一節談先秦兩漢古書的書寫方式，包括書寫前的準備工作和書寫時的一些具體情況，並分析了竹書和帛書在這兩個方面存在的差異。第二節談了先秦兩漢古書本身的一些特點，如古書不題撰人、古書多無大題、古書多單篇流行、出土的先秦兩漢簡帛古書用字與傳世本有很大差異等。第三節則主要總結了古書在流傳過程中的一些情況。具體説來，主要有如下十種：1、佚失無存；2、名亡實存；3、爲今本一部；4、後人增廣；5、後人修改；6、經過重編；7、合編成卷；8、異本並存；9、改換文字；10、分合無定。
第七章，也就是最後一章，我們主要討論了如何利用出土古文字材料判斷古書的真偽及其年代。這一討論牽涉學術史上的許多重要問題，因此十分重要，也十分複雜。我們分兩節進行了探討。第一節我們主要談了利用甲骨文、金文判斷古書年代及真偽的問題，例如將古書中的官制、文字、記事、辭例等方面的内容與甲骨文、金文中的相關記載進行比較，以斷定古書的年代和真偽。第二節我們談了根據出土簡帛古籍判斷古書的年代及真偽。在討論時，我們將簡帛古籍按照其與傳世古書之間的關係分爲直接對應和間接對應兩種情況。在直接對應部分，我們以《老子》和《歸藏》為例，指出如果人們對某種傳世古書的年代及真偽存在爭議，而地下又恰好出土了該古書的早期寫本，那麽往往會使該問題的解決產生突破性的進展。在間接對應部分，我們以銀雀山漢墓出土的竹書《守法守令等十三篇》與《墨子》、《管子》、《尉繚子》等書相關篇章具有間接對應關係為例，指出有時出土簡帛古籍在傳世文獻中沒有與之直接、完全對應的古書，但它與一種或幾種傳世古書之間有著密切的聯係，也可以為斷定古書年代提供積極證據。
除了正文以外，本文還有一篇附錄，主要談了古書中“屯”字譌為“毛”字的現象，是對正文第三章第一節第三個問題中相關討論的補充。
Abstract
This paper is offering new summary and the review of what the Guwenxianxinzheng has done to 20th century ancient books .So-called guwenxianxinzheng is to use the unearthed ancient writing material to make some research on the progress in the ancient books. It is an inheritance and development to the study of the ancient books.
This paper is divided into eight chapters altogether.
First chapter is the introduction. Several general concepts that relate to guwenxianxinzheng including the Xinzheng、Gushixinzheng、Mingwuxinzheng、 Xinzhengpai etc, have been carded and bounded. We have still discussed the meaning of the Xinzhen ,including its meaning to the systematic history learning as well as to concrete work of ancient books. Finally, we retrospect the history of research on guwenxianxinzheng, and we also talk about the performance and the shortcoming of guwenxianxinzheng in the first part of the 20th century, then we provide our opinion.
In the first chapter, we interpret the academy background of research on guwenxianxinzheng in 20th century. Through retrospecting the trend and the changement of Chinese traditional academy: jingxue going downhill、history becoming a center、study of song academy springing up、epigraphy resurgin, etc, we probe and comb the train of guwenxianxinzheng’s birth.
In the second chapter, we provide the argument on the truth of “sangoubing”, then we talk about the attitudes to using and regarding unearthed material of scholars with different knowledge background, as well as the difference of research train of thought and conclusion that this leads to.
Using the ancient writing material to testify words used in the ancient books is an important aspect in research of guwenxianxinzheng, and we have done the summary at the third chapter about this. This includes two parts: using the ancient writing shape of words to read the ancient books and analysing the word habit embodied in the ancient writing material to read the ancient books. In the first part, we talk about the inscriptions on bones、bronze、zhanguo、qinhan respectively，and have pointed out the problems that such research method results in, and have especially introduced the application of “consider ancient with the modern law”. In the second part，we have summed up the utilization of tongjia law to read the ancient books and understanding the ancient books meaning with the word habit.
In the 4th chapter, we have chiefly discussed how to use the ancient writing material to read the phrase used in the ancient books. For convenience of discussion, we divide the phrase used in the ancient books into ordinary phrase、proper noun (including person name and place name)、implement name as well as system phrase，then we respectively sum up the work of using the ancient writing material to read these phrase. Finally, we chiefly discuss several problems when using unearthed ancient writing material read phrase of the ancient books. Concretely both sides of comparison should have certainty；sometimes the phrase in the ancient material looks like that in the ancient books，but in essence，they are different; there exist the possibility that one phase used in the ancient material corresponds to many words used in the ancient books.
In 5th chapter, we sum up the shortcoming and performance that we have made while reading the ancient books using the ancient material in the past. Firstly we have talked about using unearthed ancient material to justify the ancient books errors, among them existing following errors: wrong words, absence words, redundancy words, etc. Moreover, the in good order phenomenon that exists in the ancient books has still been inspected. Next we take << Laozi >> as the example chiefly, and discuss the difference at the aspect of the paper structure between unearthed ancient material and the ancient books handed down. Once more, we have discussed the difference in the ideas embodied in unearthed ancient book from that embodied in the ancient books handed down. Finally, we have criticized two kinds of harmful trends that exist in the course of reading unearthed ancient books with the ancient books handed down: to be hasten and to be different subjectively.
In the 6th chapter, we major in summing up the ancient books style using the ancient writing material. We have divided this chapter into three sections. In the first section, we major in discussing writing style of the ancient books in what is called pre-Qin and Two Hans period, including work before writing and during writing. In the second section, we talk about the characteristics of the ancient books during this period, such as no authors mentioned in the ancient books, no main topics mentioned, existing big difference in using words between two books. The third section has chiefly summed up some circumstances existing during the transmitting course of the ancient books.
The 7th chapter is final chapter, we have chiefly discussed how to use unearthed ancient writing material to judge truth of the ancient books and their age. This problem involves many important problems of the history of academy, so it is important and complicated. We divide this chapter into two sections. In the first section, we have chiefly talked how to judge the truth and age of the ancient books using inscriptions on bones and inscriptions on bronze, for example, the comparison being carried on in the related record, such as civil service system, words, note booking and diction between them. Our aim is to judge the truth of the ancient books and their age. In the second section, we had talked how to judge the truth and age of the ancient books using unearthed bamboosilks. Unearthed bamboosilks is divided into directly corresponding and indirectly corresponding styles according to their relationship with the ancient books handed down.
Besides the main body, this paper still has one piece of appendix. We talk about the phenomenon of mistaking “Tun” for “Mao” in ancient books chiefly. It is a replenishment of the third problem in the first section of the third chapter.
