论文题目：村治变迁中的权威与秩序--20世纪川东双村的表达
作者简介:吴毅，男，1958年03月出生，1999年09月师从华中师范大学徐勇教授，于2002年06月获博士学位。
摘
要
本文以四川省东部地区的双村为个案，运用政治人类学的田野调查方法和民族志的叙述架构，详细地考察了个案村在２０世纪一百年中的村治历程。村治变迁中的权威与秩序形态的变化是这一考察的核心。
在文中，村庄场域中的权威既是指国家对于村庄的控制与影响能力，同时还包括经济、社会和文化在作为一种资源时对人的行为可能产生的影响，在这个意义上，权威不仅是政治性的，它同时也包括了经济、社会和文化的面项，并且也包括诸如科技、传媒等现代性要素作为一种话语和意识形态，在渗入村庄过程中所发生的各种显型和隐型的诱导性影响。秩序则是指各种权威性影响因素运行与互动的结果，即构成双村社区的政治、经济、社会和文化要素之间的结构状态。本文认为，２０世纪双村村治变迁的实质是附着于现代化过程中的各种权威性影响因素对原有村庄中的各种结构化关系（即秩序）的冲击和重塑，这种冲击和重塑既直接地表现在政治学意义的公共权威与秩序的方面，同时也更为广义地表现在社会人类学意义的村庄整体性形貌的方面。因此,本文对双村权威与秩序形态变迁的考察，不仅涉及村庄的公共权威与秩序，同时还包括由公共权威与秩序所影响和辐射的经济、社会、文化、风俗和信仰等各个层面，只不过中国现代化的后发外生型特征决定了前者的变迁往往是后者变迁的原因和前提，因而也是考察的一个元点。
本文认为，影响２０世纪双村村庄权威与秩序形态的基本变量是现代性、国家和村庄地方性知识，而进一步决定这三种变量互动关系和结构的背景因素则是２０世纪的中国革命。２０世纪的中国革命作为一个历史过程，历经了发生、发展、鼎盛以及最终为改革所超越的变化，正是受这一变化的影响，现代性、国家和村庄地方性知识三者之间的互动表现出了不同的状态，并进而形塑出不同时期村庄权威与秩序形态的不同状貌。
国家的因素是连接和沟通现代性与村庄地方性知识的中介。现代化进程中国家对于双村的关系主要表现为国家对村庄社会的“规划性变迁”，这种“规划性变迁”既表现在国家对村庄公共权威的重塑上，也表现在它对于现代性因素的引入上；现代性因素则内含着现代的物质、知识要素和意识形态权力话语两个层面，后发外生型的中国现代化特征决定了现代性的物质、知识要素对于村庄社会的进入往往以国家为搭载工具，而现代性的权力话语，则会赋予现代国家在乡村社会中以不同于传统国家的合法性特征；村庄的地方性知识源远流长，它是前现代社会中国家“大文化”与双村地方性知识的融合，在由“传统”到现代化的时空坐标上，它处于前者的一端。
现代性、国家和村庄地方性知识这三种影响双村村治历程的基本变量在２０世纪历史进程中的交互演进，以２０世纪初现代化国家的体制性权力和话语对双村的进入与浸润为开端。然而，在２０世纪上半叶总体性社会危机的状态下，国家对于双村的“规划性变迁”实难完成。因此，无论是国家的体制性权力还是作为现代性的意识形态权力对于双村的进入都十分有限，并且极不成功，以至于现代化对双村的影响就既不是新政治结构及其权威的建立，也不是现代性因素借助于国家对乡村社会传统经济与文化的改造，而只是传统权威的瓦解以及乡村相对于中心城市社会的边缘化过程。直到２０世纪中叶政治革命的成功，才给新国家在新的社会基础和理念上塑造双村的现代村庄权威与秩序提供了历史契机。
革命奠定了现代性和国家重新进入双村的基础，同时也决定了它们的进入方式。５０至６０年代双村权威与秩序的再造及社会转型不仅以革命为动力，而且以革命为表征。在此背景下，无论是国家对于双村公共权威体制性再造的努力，还是现代性对于传统村落经济与文化形态的改造，都被打上了革命化的甚至是泛政治化的时代烙印。尽管如此，村庄地方性知识也不是完全被动地等待着被以革命为载具和表征的国家与现代性的消蚀与拆卸，相反，即使是最为激进的社会改造和最具国家意识形态威权地位的文化和思想形态上的革命，在双村，或者说在整个中国的村庄社会也遭遇到地方性知识或强或弱、或隐或显的反蚀与涵化，从而形成一种博弈。在这一博弈中，国家与现代性凭借泛政治化的强力极大地挤压了村庄地方性知识存续与活动的空间，而后者则以其顽强的生命力，以各种方式表达着自己的存在，直至泛政治化时代的结束。
当改革超越革命，成为支配中国宏观社会新的发展逻辑时，现代性、国家和村庄地方性知识这三种变量得以在２０世纪余下的时间里重新安排它们之间的结构化关系。村庄的再造和村政的重建所凸现出的是在新的历史条件下国家对村庄地方性知识的重新承认与尊重，国家借助于传统资源、现代治理理念和市场经济改变着自己在村庄场域中的存在方式；作为现代性重要构成的现代知识与技术在失去了泛政治化的强力推动后，也转而寻求对于乡村社会的一种非行政化的切入路径；而重新扩张的村庄地方性知识则成为重新构造新时期双村权威与秩序的重要资源。总之，国家、现代性与村庄地方性知识在新的时代和新的时空场景中开始了新一轮的互渗、互融与交叠。
对于上述关系在整个２０世纪历史进程中的完整展现，作者在文中归纳为“现代化背景下从国家–现代性依托革命对村庄社会的改造到超越革命后的国家、现代性与村庄地方性知识这三种历史逻辑共同重塑新村治格局”的过程。作者力图通过对个案村这种长时段历史逻辑的梳理与建构，在为丰富２０世纪中国村治历程的图像提供一个微观案例的同时，也表达自己对这一历程本身的理解和阐释。
关键词：权威
秩序 现代性
国家 村庄地方性知识
革命
Abstract
Taking Shuang Village located in Eastern Sichuan as a case, and applying the method of political anthropological fieldwork and the framework of ethnographical narration, this paper makes an exhaustive study of the process of the case village's governance throughout 100 years of the 20th century, which centers on the change of the forms of the village's authority and order during the course.
In
this paper, authority as a concept in the arena of village means the ability of
the state to control and influence the village, meanwhile it concerns the
possible influences of economy, society and culture as a kind of resource over
the man's behaviors. In this sense, authority embodies not only political
meanings but also economical, social and cultural aspects. In addition, it may
concern all the kinds of latent or manifest inductive influences brought about
by such modernity factors as technology, media and so on in the process of
permeation into the village as a kind of discourse and ideology. While order
herein means the result of the function and interaction of various authoritative
factors, namely the structure of Shuang Village's politics, economy, society and
culture. The paper argues that, the essence of the change of Shuang Village's
governance is the pounding and reinstitution of various authoritative factors
within modernization to all the structured relationships of the original
village, which are directly embodied by the aspects of political public
authority and order, and in broader sense by the whole figure of the village in
social anthropological sense as well. Consequently, the study of the change of
the authority and order in Shuang Village does not only concerns the village's
public authority and order, but also deals with all the fields of economy,
society, culture, custom and belief influenced by them. Whereas owing to the
modernization of China, a late modernization from the outside world, the
transition of the former is the reason and premise of that of the latter,
therefore it is also an essential point of the study.
Likewise,
this paper argues that, modernity, state and the local knowledge of village are
the basic variables that influence the forms of Shuang Village's authority and
order in the 20th century, of which the interactive relationships and structures
are decided by Chinese revolution in the 20th century. As a historical process,
Chinese revolution in the 20th century has gone through the stages of happening,
developing and reaching a climax, ultimately being surpassed by reform. Just for
this historical change, the interaction among modernity, state and the local
knowledge of village manifested in different forms, and further shaped different
features of the village's authority and order in different periods.
State
factor is the medium which links and channels modernity and the local knowledge
of village. In the process of
modernization, the relation between state and Shuang Village lies in
state’s “planned change” imposed on the village community. Such
“planned change” is manifested both in state’s reshaping village’s
public authority and state’s introducing modernity element to villages.
Modernity element includes two aspects: One is modern material and knowledge
element; the other is ideological discourse. The feature of China’s late
modernization from the outside world presupposes that the introduction of
modernity material and knowledge elements to village community will often have
state as the carrier; while the modernity authoritative discourse will
legitimize the feature of modern country in the rural community which is
different from traditional country. The local knowledge has a long history. It
is the mixture of country’s “general culture” of pre-modern society and
the local knowledge of Shuang Village, which stands on one end of the time and
space coordinate that develops from the traditional society into the modern
society.
The
three basic variables--- modernity, state, and the local knowledge of the
village interactively influence the process of the village governance in the
historical development of 20th century. This kind of interactive
influence started from the power system and discourse of the early 20th
century modernized country that entered and influenced Shuang Village. However,
in the general social crisis of the first half of 20th century, it
was really difficult for state’s “planned change” to take place.
Therefore, no matter whether it is the systemic power or the ideological power
of modernity, their entrance into Shuang Village is very limited, and very
unsuccessful, so much so that the influence of modernity to Shuang Village is
neither the establishment of new political framework and its authority nor the
reform of rural community’s traditional economy and culture which should have
been brought about by modernity elements with the help of state. Instead, it is
the collapse of traditional authority and marginalizing of rural community to
urban society of big city. It was not until the mid-20th century when
the political revolution succeeded in China that the new state obtained the
historical opportunity to shape the modernized village authority and order of
Shuang Village.
Revolution
has laid a foundation for modernity and state to re-enter Shuang Village, in the
meanwhile, it also decides the way that they enter. In 1950s~ 1960s, the
re-establishment of authority and order in Shuang Village and the transformation
of society not only had revolution as their motivation, also revolution was the
characteristic of such processes. Under such condition, no matter whether it is
state’s effort to re-structure Shuang Village’s public authority system or
it is modernity to reform traditional village economy and culture form, they
have all been stamped with time brand of revolution and even pan-politicization.
In spite of that, local knowledge does not totally passively wait for being
consumed and being decomposed by state and modernity with revolution as their
carrier. On the contrary, in Shuang Village, or we may say in the whole village
society of all China, even the most radical social reform and thought revolution
and the culture with most strong state ideological authoritative status will
more or less, visibly or invisibly be influenced and somewhat assimilated by the
local knowledge and thus to form a kind of game. In such a game, state and
modernity, with the strong power of pan-politicization, greatly crowd the space
in which village’s local knowledge exists and develops, while the latter
persistently shows its existence by various means until the end of
pan-politicization era.
When
reform transcends revolution and becomes the new developing logic dominating the
meta-society of China, the three variables--- modernity, state and village’s
local knowledge are able to re-structure their relations in the rest time of 20th
century. What is manifested in the re-shaping of village and reinstitution of
village regime is state’s re-admitting and respecting village’s local
knowledge. State, with the help of traditional resources, modern governing idea
and market economy, is changing its way of being in the village arena. Having
lost the strong pushing force of pan-politicization, modern knowledge and
technology, as the important components of modernity, have turned to seek a
non-political access to rural community; while the re-expanded village local
knowledge has become an important resource to re-structure the authority and
order of the new Shuang Village. In brief, state, modernity and village local
knowledge have begun a new round mutual infiltration, mutual absorption and
co-existence.
For
the interaction of three variables in the historical course in the whole 20th
century, the author concludes it as a process that from the reconstruction by
state-modernity based on revolution of the society of village on the background
of modernization, to the reinstitution of a new structure of the village's
governance by the three historical logical factors, state, modernity and local
knowledge of village, which surpassed the revolution. By the long-period logical
study of the case village, the author tries to provide a micro-case for
enriching the picture of the history of the village's governance of China in the
20th century, likewise to deliver his own understanding and interpretation of
the history itself.
Key
words: authority order
modernity state
local knowledge of village revolution
