论文题目：神木方言研究
作者简介:
邢向东，男，1960年04月出生，1997年08月师从山东大学钱曾怡教授，于2002年06月获博士学位。
摘
要
本文是陕北神木方言的研究报告。全文包括导论、语音篇、词汇篇、语法篇和余论。
导论：扼要介绍神木县的人文历史与神木方言的形成，方言特点、归属和内部区划，本课题的意义、原则和方法。
陕北方言是从有入声向无入声过渡的方言，与唐五代西北方言关系密切。神木方言是陕北晋语的重要代表，处于山西晋语、陕北晋语和内蒙古晋语的过渡地带。神木历史上与山西关系密切，现住人口大多是明代以后从山西迁移而来，方言的形成过程不完全一致。神木方言具有一系列语音、词汇、语法特点，同时内部分歧严重。神木境内的方言可以划分为以神木、万镇、贺家川为代表的三个小片，后两种合称南乡方言。神木话属晋语五台片，南乡方言当属吕梁片。南乡方言保留了许多古老的语音特点。神木方言具有独特的研究价值。
本课题的研究遵循两个原则：一切以语言事实为准；语音、词汇、语法并重。研究方法的特点是，将神木方言置于晋语的宏观格局中，以多种语言理论为指导，静态描写、共时比较、古今比较相结合，力求有所深化、有所突破、有所创新。
语音篇由五章组成。
第一章分别描写神木话、万镇话、贺家川话音系。
第二章以山西晋语、陕北晋语为背景，进行内部差异的比较。结果表明，南乡方言全浊塞音、塞擦音入声字大多数读送气音，古疑母细音字较多保留
n 母，蟹效咸山曾开三梗摄韵母存在文白异读，白读音保留了中古的不少音类差别，果宕摄、蟹三四等止梗白摄韵母分别合流，入声调分阴阳，与神木话及绥德一系陕北晋语差异很大，同山西晋语吕梁片十分接近，同唐五代西北方音有密切关系。
第三章讨论语流音变及其内部差异，包括连读变调、轻声、儿化等。连读变调的复杂性主要表现在古清平和清上、次浊上单字调相同，连读变调有同有异；轻声属于调位中和现象，表现为重轻式语音词后字弱化，单字调和连调模式对轻声的出现有一定的控制作用；儿化韵在县境内呈递减之势，神木话最少，只有四个不卷舌的儿化韵。
第四章进行古今音系比较，对部分例外字的成因作了解释，并从古今对照的角度概括了神木话的语音特点。
第五章是同音字汇。
词汇篇由四章组成。
第六章讨论方言词汇的历史层次，认为词汇的历史层次是指方言词汇系统中沉积的产生于不同历史时期的词汇层，将方言词汇划分为古语词、近代汉语词、现代汉语词三个层次，并对方言的古语词、近代汉语词作了具体的分析。
第七章讨论特殊词汇的结构和语义特点。关于分音词，除了描写语音特点之外，还将它划分为几个义群，认为分音词是宋元之际在汉语词汇双音化的洪流中，由单音词分裂而成的。关于圪头词，主要按照不同词类分析其小称义，认为圪头词的“圪”就借自分音词中的“圪”，它的大量涌现同样是词汇双音化的结果。关于重叠名词和儿化名词，认为两种形式都有小称义，但在数量、范围、使用环境、表小色彩的强烈程度等方面均有差别，重叠词属于开放类，是十分活跃的构词方式和表义方式，儿化词属于封闭类，是历史存在。四字格结构可分为复合型和非复合型两类，语义构成则有描摹、描摹加补充、引申、、比喻、夸张五种，运用上有意义的具体性、适用对象和语境的特定性、感情色彩的鲜明性三个特点。关于汉语、蒙语地名，主要比较了两种语言给地方命名的不同特点。
第八章在神木方言内部和方言与普通话之间进行词汇异同的比较，揭示一些带有规律性的现象。
第九章是分类词表，按意义分类收录、解释方言词语五千条以上。
语法篇由六章组成。
第十章构词法，主要分析特殊词缀的构词、类化、表义作用。
第十一章副词，在分类列举的基础上，对与普通话不同的副词加以解释和举例，指出其使用环境。
第十二章讨论代词，分人称、指示、疑问三类，列举各代表点的代词，对比较特殊的进行讨论，并探求了部分代词的源流。如人称代词“咱”表复数的用法，复数形式和领属形式的后缀“每”、“弭”、“家”的来源；指示代词后缀“搭”的来源，同类指示代词的不同用法，南乡方言表性状代词后缀的来源；同类疑问代词的不同用法，“甚”和“什摩”、“咋”和“怎摩”为同源异流等。
第十三章讨论助词，分结构助词、体貌助词、时制助词三类进行描写、分析与探源，将助词和句法结构结合起来进行分析，发现不少独特的助词及用法，如“亲属称谓+的”构成的“被领属形式”，“地”和“的”读音不同，分布互补，“得”、“得来”、“来”的特殊用法等；体貌助词“得”、“着”、“起”、“上”、“下”、“打”等，用法与普通话多有不同；时制助词包括过去时助词“来”和将来时助词“也”，在分析其功能、分布和来源之后，提出晋语存在时制范畴。
第十四章讨论神木方言的语气表达系统。以陈述、虚拟、提顿、疑问、感叹、祈使六类为纲，以语气词和特定格式为目，探讨部分语气词的来龙去脉，其中汉语存在虚拟语气的提出以及对虚拟语气词进行描写，笔者是首创。在提顿语气、感叹语气、祈使语气等节中，发现不少表达特定语气的特殊格式。
第十五章描写表达复句关系的特殊连词和副词、语气词。
余论：简略讨论三个理论问题。
关于语音的发展规律，文章提出一系列新的认识：在移民来源复杂的地区，提取“最大公约数”是音系整合的重要方式；音系的各个子系统发展不平衡；“语音渐变理论”、“词汇扩散理论”、“叠置式音变理论”在语音演变的考察中是互相补充的。
关于方言成分的历史层次，认为历史层次存在于语音、词汇、语法三个层面，在神木方言音系中离析了上古、中古、唐五代西北方音、近现代四个层次。
关于汉语方言的调查对象和研究方法，提出方言调查应当充分关注农村偏远地区，微观研究应当更加深入；在小方言的研究中也应进行横向的比较和历时的观照。
Abstract
This
doctoral dissertation is a research report on the dialects in Shenmu county
which is situated in the northern part of Shaanxi Province. It consists
of Introduction, Pronunciation, Vocabulary, Grammar and conclusion .
Ⅰ.Introduction
In this chapter, the author briefly introduced the history of Shenmu county, the formation and characteristics, belongingness and interior divisions of Shenmu dialects, the significance of this research topic, the principles and the approaches to this topic.
The
dialect of North Shaanxi is a transition from the dialect with an entering tone
to the dialect without a dialect tone and it is closely related to the dialects
of North-East China of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties.
Shenmu dialect is an important representative of Jin dialect of North
Shaanxi and it is in a transition zone from Jin dialect of Shanxi and North
Shaanxi to Inner Mongolia. In history Shenmu county had been closely related to
Shanxi Province and the majority of its present population had moved to Shenmu
from Shanxi since Ming Dynasty. Therefore, to a certain degree, the dialects of
Shenmu vary in the process of formation. Shenmu dialect has a series of
characteristics of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and the local dialects
of Shenmu are quite different from each other. The local dialects spoken within
the boundaries of Shenmu can be divided into three groups with Shenmu local
dialect, Wan town local dialect and Hejiachuan local dialect as their respective
representatives of these groups. Both Wan town local dialect and Hejiachuan
local dialect are called the local dialect of southern Shenmu. Shenmu local
dialect belongs to Wutai dialect of Jin dialect while the local dialect of
southern belongs to Lüliang
dialect .The local dialect of southern Shenmu has retained many of the ancient
phonetic characteristics and therefore the dialect of Shenmu has unique value
worthy of studying. My research follows two principles. Firstly, the research is
done based on facts. Secondly, pronunciation
,vocabulary and grammar are laid equal stress. The author places the dialects of
Shenmu in the macro pattern of Jin dialect, to be guided by manifold theories on
language , to combine static description and synchronal comparison and the
comparison between ancient and modern . By this approach, The author strive to
throw new light on Shenmu dialects .
Ⅱ.Pronunciation
“Pronunciation”
consists of five chapters.
In
Chapter One, the author respectively describe the phonetic system of Shenmu
local dialect, Wan Town local dialect and Hejiachuan local dialect.
In
Chapter Two, the author compares the interior differences of the dialects of
Shenmu . In the dialect of southern Shenmu, voiced plosives and voiced
affricates of most characters with an entering tone are pronounced as aspirated
sound; many of the characters with 疑母细音
of middle ancient times retain the consonant “n”, colloquial literary strata
is found in such finals of syllables as 蟹效咸山曾开三梗摄；colloquial
strata continues to have much of the difference in the category of Pronunciation
of middle ancient times; such finals of syllables as 果宕摄、蟹三四等止梗白摄
are combined respectively; an entering tone is divided into two parts, that is
yin and yang; the southern Shenmu
dialect and Shenmu local dialect and Suide dialect differ greatly; the southern
Shenmu dialect is quite similar to Lüliang
dialect of Jin dialect in Shanxi and it is closely related to the dialectal
pronunciation of North-West China of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties.
In Chapter Three, sandhi and its interior difference are discussed. Tone sandhi, neutral tone and 儿化 are also discussed. The complexity of sandhi is expressed in the tones of characters of 清平、清上 and 次浊上 are the same while the tone sandhi is the times and different at other times. Neutral tone is a neutralization as phoneme of tone and the manifestation of neutral tone is that the second syllable of a disyllable becomes weak. To a certain degree, the tone of characters and the pattern of tone sandhi restrict the emergence of neutral tone. Within the Shenmu county ,there is a tendency that the quantity of 儿化韵 and now there are only four non-retroflex 儿化韵 left.
In
Chapter Four, the author compares the phonetic system of modern times with that
of middle ancient-times, and interprets the cause of the formation of some
exceptional Chinese Characters ; the phonetic characteristics of Shenmu local
dialect are summarized from the angle of a comparison between ancient and
modern.
Chapter Five is about syllabary.
Ⅲ.
Vocabulary
“Vocabulary” consists of four chapters.
In Chapter Six, the author discussed the historical
stratum of dialectal vocabulary. The author think the historical stratum of
dialectal vocabulary is such a stratum of vocabulary which is deposited in the
system of dialectal vocabulary and is developed in different periods of history.
The author divided the dialectal vocabulary into the following three strata:
archaistic words, modern Chinese words and contemporary Chinese words.
In Chapter Seven, the structure of some special words and their semantic characteristics were discussed. In addition to a description of its phonetic characteristics, the author divided 分音词 into several groups of meaning. 分音词 was formed by separating a monosyllabic word when much of the Chinese vocabulary became disyllabic in Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty . For example, The prefix of “圪”of a word was borrowed from the prefix of “圪”of分音词. The emergence of the words with the prefix of“圪”in large numbers resulted from the fact that Chinese vocabulary was turned into disyllabic. As for reduplicated nouns and nouns with suffixation of a non-syllabic, the author thinks both of the two forms have 小称义,but they differ in quantity, range, context and the degree of rhetoric meaning. Reduplicated words belong to the open type and reduplicating is a very active way of forming words, and conveying meaning while nouns with suffixation of a non-syllabic belong to the closed type and it is historical existence. The four-character structure includes compound idioms and non-compound idioms. Its semantic meaning is formed by such techniques as portrayal, combination of portrayal, and supplementation, extension of meaning, metaphor, or hyperbole. When a four-character idiom is applied, it has a specific meaning; it applies to specific object and context; it shows a distinct emotional color. The author also talked about the difference in naming a place in Chinese and in Mongolian.
In Chapter Eight, the author compares shenmu dialects and common speech to show similarities and differences in vocabulary.
Chapter Nine is a classified words-list. In this chapter, ever five thousand dialectal words are included and explained according to the classification of meaning.
Ⅳ.
Grammar
“Grammar”
consists of six chapters.
Chapter
Ten is about word-formation. The author analyzed such functions of some special
affixes as forming a word, indicating parts of speech, and conveying meaning.
Chapter
Eleven is about adverb. Based on classifying and listing, the author explained
some dialectal adverbs which are different from adverbs of common speech, the
author and pointed out when and where these adverbs are used.
Chapter
Twelve is about pronoun. The author listed the dialectal pronouns of the
dialects of Shenmu respectively, discussed some special ones, and explored the
origin and development of some pronouns.
Chapter
Thirteen is about auxiliary word. The author analyzed the origin structure
auxiliary words, aspect auxiliary words and tense auxiliary words. By combining
auxiliary words and syntactical structure, the author finds many unusual
auxiliary words and usage were found, when I made an analysis. For example,“亲属称谓＋的”forms
the “possessed” case; “地”and“的”have
different pronunciation and never appear at the same syntactical place;“得”、“得来”、“来”have
special usage; many of the usage of such aspect auxiliary words as“得”、“着”、“起”、“上”、“下”、“打”in
the dialect are different from the usage of such words in common speech; tense
auxiliary words include“来”indicating
the past tense and“也”indicating
the future tense. After analyzing the function, distribution and origin of these
words, the author concluded that tense exists in Jin dialect.
Chapter
Fourteen is about the system of expressing mood of Shenmu dialects. With
declarative mood, subjunctive mood, pausal mood , interrogative mood,
exclamatory mood and imperative mood as the key line, with the words indicating
mood and syntactical structure as the detailed line, the author explored the
origin and development of the words indicating mood. For the first time , the
author put forward the point of view that subjunctive mood exists in
Chinese. In the part of pausal mood, exclamatory mood and imperative mood, the
author found many special patterns indicating a certain specific mood.
Chapter
Fifteen is about some special conjunction, adverbs and words indicating mood
which are used in complex sentences to show the relation between a main clause
and a subordinate clause.
Ⅴ.
Conclusion
In
Remainder, the author discussed three theoretical problems.
I
think the historical strata of the ingredients of a dialect exist in the stratum
of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. There are the following four strata in
the phonetic system of Shenmu dialects: ancient times, middle ancient times ,
the accent of North-west China of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, modern times.
As
for the law of the development of pronunciation, the author advances a series of
new ideas: picking up the greatest common divisor is an important form of the
conformity of phonetic system; the subsidiary systems of the general system of
phonetic system develop unbalancedly; the gradual change in pronunciation,
lexical diffusion and the evolution of pronunciation by piling up supplement
with each other in the investigation of the evolution of pronunciation.
