论文题目：哲学对话的新平台－－科学语用学的元理论研究
作者简介：殷杰，男,1974年03月出生，1999年09月师从于山西大学郭贵春教授，于2002年06月获博士学位。
摘
要
本论文由绪论、五个专题性论述和结束语组成。
绪论对本论文的选题、主旨、提纲及写作意义做了详细说明，简单介绍了各专题性论述的主要内容，澄清了论文中的主要概念、观点，特别是提供了论文中没有涉及到的背景知识和写作思路等，指出本论文主要的目的就是试图总结整个西方哲学和语言学发展史中尽可能所有关于语用学的论述，提供一个关于语用学的清晰概念，厘清它的来龙去脉，进而运用语用分析方法对现代西方科学哲学和语言哲学中的问题进行新的求解。
第一部分论述了哲学的语用学转向，指出语言学转向和现代符号学的发展奠定了语用学转向的基础，该部分立足于20世纪初“语言学转向”的历史背景，在具体分析这场哲学思维革命的发生动因基础上，认为“语言学转向”带给20世纪哲学研究的影响是根本性的、启迪性的和创造性的。它不仅用语言的“语形——语义”维度来改造传统哲学命题，而且在某种程度上也改变了大陆传统哲学的思路，开始关注于语言问题，特别是，正是由于语言的语形和语义方法在求解哲学问题上的缺陷，才使得哲学家们开始寻求其他的途径，发现了通常为人所忽视的语用分析方法，所以，在这个意义上讲，“语言学转向”的终结就是“语用学转向”的开始。该部分还着重从分析哲学研究模式的转变上论述了语用学转向的内在动因、基本特征和方法意义。通过立足于20世纪分析哲学的历史发展，全面展示了卡尔纳普模式和戴维森模式的理论本质和哲学特征，分析了从语义学向语用学转变的内在动因和哲学意义，指出发生在后分析哲学视野中的“语用学转向”为哲学提供了新的对话平台，形成了科学逻辑向科学语用学转变的趋势，构筑了新的哲学发展生长点，对于理解和把握后分析哲学的发展路径，探究哲学方法论的演变和哲学思维的演进均具有重要的认识论意义。
第二部分从历史发展的角度，追溯了语用学的产生和发展过程，对语用学研究对象、主要内容和基本域面进行了界定。在德国、英国、法国和美国哲学传统中所各自发展出的语用观念共同促进了一种新的独立的学科形式——语用学的诞生。可以说，现代语用学自身正是由这四个独立成分构成的混合体，即源于英国的言语行为理论、源于法国的对话理论、源于德国的普遍语用学和源于美国的符号学。该部分从与语义学的关联和区别上进一步探讨了语用学的涵义，全面总结了语言哲学中形式的、内在论的和哲学的三种语义学和语用学划界理论，并揭示了它们各自的特点和本质，特别是通过对关联理论模式的深入描述，从认知科学哲学的角度将语义学和语用学的研究扩展到整个人类的认知交流过程中，指出对语义学和语用学划界的研究不仅澄清了语言哲学中的许多相关论题，而且为语言哲学向认知科学哲学的转向奠定了基础，对于揭示人类的认知实质以及人造智能机的机制具有重要的科学价值和方法论意义。
第三部分从语用学和哲学的关系上，具体地分析了语用思维在德国、英国、法国和美国哲学传统中的表现形式和基本观念，并从大陆哲学和英美哲学、科学主义和人文主义合流的角度揭示了语用学研究的意义。语用思维的发展与哲学的演进历史地结合在一起，一方面，语用思维在哲学研究中的出现满足了解决哲学难题的需求，语用分析方法成为哲学家可以使用的有效的语言分析方法之一；另一方面，哲学家对语用分析方法的借鉴也内在地促进了语用思维的发展。但是，语用思维在各个传统哲学中的表现具有非常不同的形式，从而非常不同的特点。在德国，从康德的语言学转向开始，德国哲学传统对语用思维的研究很大程度上源于寻求知识的理性基础的目的；在英国，从洛克的符号行为哲学出发，英国哲学传统主要地关注于具体的对话和交流，与日常语言哲学的发展结合在一起，形成了独立的言语行为理论；在法国，语用思维主要体现在语言学家们对语言本质的研究当中，尽管并没有形成自己的语用研究特色，但仍然在各个层次上涉及到了语用的基本方面；在美国，语言哲学的研究与实用主义传统结合在一起，特别是莫里斯的语形学、语义学和语用学的三元划分理论，为语用学的研究设定了基本对象域，而塞尔的言语行为理论进一步延续了奥斯汀的思想，格赖斯则开辟了语用学研究的新领域。哲学传统中的这些语用思维交织在一起，不仅共同构成了语用思维发展的生动历史图景，而且在客观上促进了大陆哲学和英美哲学、人文主义和科学主义相互融合和渗透，成为这种融合的当代表现形式。
第四部分对语用思维发展史上的几位哲学家和理论做了分析，具体介绍了维特根斯坦的语言游戏说的语用学思想和哈贝马斯的规范语用学思想，指出了这些理论的内容、特征和哲学意义，并对言语行为理论的历史发展、主要问题和未来趋势进行了系统的介绍和说明。在当代语用思维的发展过程中，维特根斯坦和哈贝马斯分别体现了英美和大陆哲学传统的风格，可以说是语用思维在这两种哲学传统中最具有代表性的表现形式。从早期试图通过语言逻辑的分析来洞察世界结构的科学逻辑，到后期通过语言游戏来构筑对话规则的科学语用学，维特根斯坦的哲学转变典型地反映了语用学转向对哲学发展的冲击和影响，这不仅是哲学发展方向上的变化，更是思维领域中根本性的革命；哈贝马斯的规范语用学思想则从另一种意义上表现了语用学转向对哲学研究方法论上的影响，尽管对语言的关注从来不是大陆哲学研究的最终目标，但通过语言的途径进入人类的心灵，寻求语言的精神家园，这一哲学发展思路自语言学转向以来，已经深入于大陆哲学家的哲学建构中。从哲学方法论演变的视角上，哈贝马斯在建构社会批判理论时，发生了从意识哲学到语言分析的语用学转向，其规范语用学的首要任务就是为理性重建提供新的模式，以支持交流行为理论，在此过程中显示出的对语形、语义和语用分析方法的整合运用，深刻地折射了20世纪哲学思维和方法论在大陆哲学和英美哲学、人文主义和科学主义之间合流的整体演进趋势。在语用思维的发展中，言语行为理论既是它的重要组成部分，更是它得以形成独立形态思想的重要原因，因此，从历史发展、表现形式和未来趋向上，对言语行为理论进行研究，对于理解语用学具有特别重要的意义。
第五部分作为语用学的扩展性研究，从具体问题上来透视语用思维、语用分析方法在求解哲学难题上的意义和方式，详尽地分析了科学解释模型、指称理论、真理观念和意向性思维所发生的朝向语用化的发展，揭示了语用学转向给哲学研究带来的新的思维和观念。作为科学哲学核心论题之一的科学解释，在科学逻辑的框架下，由于遭遇到自身无法克服的困难，不得不寻求重新解决的途径，出现了一系列替代性的研究方案，特别是从科学语用学提供了比较合理的解决视角；作为语言哲学的核心论题，指称理论、真理观念和意向性问题同样经历了类似的语用化发展，从绝对的确定性到相对的非确定性，从心理观念的排斥到心理意向的重建，从微观语义分析到整体语用构造，指称理论逐渐从传统语义学的解构中过渡到科学语用学的形式，真理观念在摆脱传统符合论的基础上，通过对语用对话的建构，形成了语境化的真理观，而心理意向问题则通过自然化的认识途径，把意向性的研究构建成为一种基于语用的理论，在语境的基础上对意向实在进行了新的阐释。
结语部分简单总结了本论文在写作上创新的地方和不足之处，特别是着重介绍了利奥塔把语用学的方法和观念运用于辩护科学知识的合法性，用科学知识语用学来重新解释当代的科学危机、社会变异和文化症状，主张把合法性的权利从“元叙事”的束缚中解脱出来，而由游戏者和对话者本人去决定，从而对科学知识的合法性问题进行奠基，这启发了新的“科学修辞学”问题的研究。
关键词：语用学；语用学转向；科学哲学；语言哲学；
Abstract
This dissertation consists of preface，five special subject discussion and conclusion．
Preface explains subject，gist，outline and writing significance about this dissertation in detail，introduces briefly primary contents of each special subject discussion，clarifies the main concept and view，specially，it offers the knowledge of background and writing train of thought，which the main bodies don't involve．Through this，the preface indicates the main purposes of this dissertation，which include summarizing all idea about pragmatics in the history of western philosophy and linguistics，providing a clear concept about pragmatics，clearing up the origin and development，then，resolving the problems of modern western philosophy in using analytic method of pragmatics．
First section discusses pragmatic turn in philosophy，which holds that linguistic turn and development of modern semiotics establishes the foundation of pragmatic turn．Established in history of linguistic turn，through analyzing concretely this revolution in philosophical thought，it thinks that linguistic turn is ultimate，enlightenment and creation to philosophy in 20 century．It changed not only traditional philosophy issues in using dimensionality of syntax-semantic，but also think-way of continental philosophy，which leaded to focusing language，especially，because of limitation of syntax-semantic methods in explaining philosophical problems，philosophers begun to find other way and found the pragmatical method．So，the end of linguistic turn is the starting of pragmatic turn．This section also discuss mainly internal reasons，elementary features and methodological significance from the transformation of study model in analytic philosophy．Established in history of analytical philosophy，it reveals completely the theoretical essence and philosophical character about Carnapian-model and Davidsonian-model，analyses the intrinsic motivity and philosophical signification of from semantics to pragmatics，points that the pragmatic turn in the view of post-analytical philosophy offers new dialogue flat roof，which leads necessary transformation of from scientific logic to scientific pragmatic，and forms new development point for philosophy．For understanding and grasping the developing path of post-analytical philosophy，exploring the evolvement of philosophical methodology and thought，this research has an important epistemological significance．
Second section pursues the emerging and developing process from the historical view，defines the study objects，main contents and fundamental dimensions．The pragmatic idea from German，British，France and American promote the birth of pragmatics as a new subject．Modern pragmatics come from the speech act theory in British，the dialogue theory in France，the universal pragmatics in German，and semiotics in American．This section further inquires the implication of pragmatics from the relations and differences in pragmatics and semantics．It summarizes completely three kinds of delimitation theory about semantics and pragmatics in philosophy of language，which is formal，internalist and philosophical，especially，through describing the mode of relevance theory，it expands the research of semantics and pragmatics to cognition and communication process of whole human being，and points that the research of delimitation about semantics and pragmatics is not only clarifying lots of correlating theses in philosophy of language，but also establishing the foundation for the turn from philosophy of language to philosophy as cognitive science，which has an important scientific value and methodological significance for revealing essence of cognition and research of artificial intelligence machine．
Third section analyses concretely the forms of expression and fundamental ideas about pragmatic thought in philosophical traditions of German，England，France and American，and reveals the significance of pragmatic study from the confluences between continental philosophy and Anglo-American philosophy，humanism and scientism．The development of pragmatics hang together philosophy，one the one hand，pragmatic thought satisfy the need of settling philosophical problems，one the other hand，philosophers promote the development of pragmatic thought in using pragmatical analysis．But，pragmatic thought have different form in each tradition，then，different characteristics．In Germany，from the beginning of Kant's linguistic turn，German philosophy research pragmatic thought for the purpose of finding the reasonable foundation for knowledge；In British，setting out from Locke's philosophy of the semiotic act，British philosophy chiefly pay attention to the dialogue and exchanges，which combine with ordinary language philosophy and form speech behavior theories；In France， pragmatic thought mainly appear in the study of language innate character，despite do not become the special features，but still involve to the basic aspect of pragmatics；In American，philosophy of language combine with pragmatism，specially，Morris's trichotomy set up the basic object for pragmatics，Sellar's speech act theory develop Austin's thought，and Grice inaugurate the new realm for pragmatics．These pragmatic thought not only constitute the vivid history pictures of development in pragmatic thought，but also promote the confluences between continental philosophy and Anglo-American philosophy humanism and scientism which become modern form of this confluences．
Fourth section analyses some famous philosophers and their theories in the history of pragmatic thought，which includes Wittgenstein，whose pragmatics is language game，and Habermas，whose pragmatics is called formal pragmatics，and expounds contents，features and philosophical significances of these pragmatic thought．Also，it introduces comprehensively historical development，main problems and trend in future of speech act theory．In the development of contemporary pragmatic thought，Wittgenstein and Habermas manifest separately the philosophical style of Anglo-American philosophy and continental philosophy，which are the representative style．Trying to know scientific logic of world construction through analyzing linguistic logic from the earlier period，and arriving to build scientific pragmatics for dialogue rule through language game in later，Wittgenstein's philosophy change typically reflected the impact and influence from the pragmatic turn，that not only the change in philosophical way，but also ultimate revolution in thought realm．Habermas's formal pragmatics express the influence of pragmatic turn to philosophical methodology in another way，despite concerning language never is the ultimate target for continental philosophy，but entering human mind through language，looking for spirit home in language，the way of thinking already deep into philosophical construction since linguistic turn．From the view of developing philosophy methodology，Habermas finishes his pragmatic turn in building his critical theory of society，that is from consciousness to linguistic analysis．His formal pragmatics is chiefly to provide new mode for rebuilding reason and to hold out theory of communication action．In this course，the conformity of syntactical，semantical and pragmatical analytic method refractions profoundly the confluent trend between continental philosophy and Anglo-American philosophy，humanism and scientism．In the development of pragmatic thought，speech act theory is not only its important portion，but also its important cause which it becomes independent thought， therefore，it has special importance meaning to study speech act theory from historical development，form and tendency．
Fifth section is a spreading study，which perspectives the significance and pattern about pragmatic thought and pragmatic analytic method in solving concrete philosophical difficult problems．It analyses pragmatization in the model of scientific explanation，reference theory，truth idea and intention thought，then，reveals the new thought and idea in philosophical studies from the pragmatic turn．Scientific explanation，as one of the core subject in philosophy of science，has to seek new solving way，for it has unavoidable difficulty by it-self under the frame of logic，so，there are a series of research projects，especially，scientific pragmatics provides rational way．As the core subjects in philosophy of language，reference theory，truth idea and intention problem suffer the same development．From absolute determine to relative underdetermine，from excluding mind idea to reconstructing mental intention，from microsemantic analysis to whole pragmatic construct，reference theory becomes the form of pragmatics；In the base of excluding correspondence theory of truth，truth idea forms contextualize truth idea through constructing pragmatic dialogue．Through naturalize of cognition，intention becomes a pragmatic theory，explaining intentional reality in context．
Conclusion section summarizes simply innovations and inadequacies in this dissertation，specially，it introduces Lyotard'pragmatic thought，who defends the legitimacy of scientific knowledge in using the methods and idea of pragmatics，reinterprets modern scientific crisis，social variation and cultural symptoms，and holds extricating the right of legitimacy from metanarrative，deciding it through gamers and discourser，then，setting up a foundation for legitimacy of scientific knowledge．This inspires the new study about scientific rhetoric．
Keyword：Pragmatic；Pragmatic Turn；Philosophy of Science；Philosophy of Language；
